7 Hidden Gems Along Rhode Island’s Coast From Clay Cliffs to Wildlife Refuges

7 Hidden Gems Along Rhode Island's Coast From Clay Cliffs to Wildlife Refuges - The Clay Head Preserve Trail Routes to Secret Beaches on Block Island

Block Island's Clay Head Preserve, a 190-acre haven at the island's northern edge, boasts exceptional scenery and a rich diversity of birdlife. The preserve's beauty, particularly noticeable during spring and fall migratory periods, makes it a must-visit destination. The 3.5-mile Clay Head Trail is a gentle, accessible path perfect for a leisurely hike, taking about an hour and 15 minutes to complete the roundtrip. The trails, known locally as "The Maze" due to their interconnectedness, meander through the preserve, providing various perspectives of the island's northeastern shoreline. Hikers are rewarded with the opportunity to visit Settlers' Rock, a notable landmark on the island, a natural feature often highlighted on various excursions and tours.

Beyond the trails, visitors will find a tranquil beach area at the preserve. This offers a serene contrast to the bustling popular tourist spots on the island. It's an area perfect for those seeking respite and calm, or for those wanting to escape the crowds. The preserve itself is a testament to community stewardship, donated to the Nature Conservancy and Block Island Conservancy by the Lapham family to ensure its beauty remains accessible for generations to come. You can easily find the entrance to the preserve on Corn Neck Road, roughly 3 miles from the heart of Block Island, making it easy to integrate into a longer trip to explore all aspects of this stunning island. Leashed dogs are allowed on the trails, making it a pet-friendly spot ideal for families who enjoy outdoor recreation and walks with their four-legged friends.

The Clay Head Preserve, nestled on Block Island's northern tip, encompasses a 190-acre expanse of diverse natural beauty. This area, often referred to as "The Maze" due to its intricate trail network, showcases a variety of coastal landscapes shaped by erosion over time. The 3.5-mile Clay Head Trail, while generally considered easy, offers a challenging yet rewarding hiking experience. Its network of paths, while marked, can sometimes be deceptive, requiring a degree of navigational awareness, particularly for those unfamiliar with the area.

The trail's allure lies in its accessibility to secluded, less-crowded beaches. These hidden gems provide a refreshing contrast to the island's more popular tourist destinations, allowing visitors a more intimate connection with nature. The preserve serves as a valuable habitat for migratory songbirds, especially during the spring and autumn months, making it a haven for birdwatching enthusiasts. In addition to birds, the area's coastal waters are teeming with marine life, including seals which can occasionally be spotted during a hike.

The Clay Head Preserve holds significance not only for its natural beauty but also for its historical relevance. It was historically a navigational landmark for early sailors and has since been preserved as a natural wonder. The land's donation by the Lapham family to The Nature Conservancy and the Block Island Conservancy ensures its preservation for future generations. It's an area of incredible biological variety with uncommon plant species found nowhere else in Rhode Island, making it a fascinating location for studying coastal ecosystems and geological processes.


The preserve provides a perfect setting to witness the forces of erosion and sedimentation shaping the coastal landscape. As visitors navigate the various terrains, they gain a greater understanding of the fragility and dynamism of natural processes. The seasonal changes further highlight the region's vibrancy. From the blooming flora of summer to the vibrant fall foliage, the area provides a visual spectacle throughout the year. Exploring Clay Head involves not just leisurely strolls but requires a certain level of physical preparedness due to the varied terrain. The experience is ultimately rewarding for those who are willing to embrace the challenge.

What else is in this post?

1. 7 Hidden Gems Along Rhode Island's Coast From Clay Cliffs to Wildlife Refuges - The Clay Head Preserve Trail Routes to Secret Beaches on Block Island
2. 7 Hidden Gems Along Rhode Island's Coast From Clay Cliffs to Wildlife Refuges - Ninigret National Wildlife Refuge Wildlife Photography Spots
3. 7 Hidden Gems Along Rhode Island's Coast From Clay Cliffs to Wildlife Refuges - Black Point Trail Loop at Scarborough Beach State Park
4. 7 Hidden Gems Along Rhode Island's Coast From Clay Cliffs to Wildlife Refuges - The Sakonnet Point Lighthouse Landing for Local Seafood
5. 7 Hidden Gems Along Rhode Island's Coast From Clay Cliffs to Wildlife Refuges - Fort Wetherill State Park Underground Military Tunnels
6. 7 Hidden Gems Along Rhode Island's Coast From Clay Cliffs to Wildlife Refuges - Rome Point Trail Network for Seal Watching December Through April
7. 7 Hidden Gems Along Rhode Island's Coast From Clay Cliffs to Wildlife Refuges - Sachuest Point National Wildlife Refuge Ocean Side Walking Paths

7 Hidden Gems Along Rhode Island's Coast From Clay Cliffs to Wildlife Refuges - Ninigret National Wildlife Refuge Wildlife Photography Spots

Located on Rhode Island's southern coast, the Ninigret National Wildlife Refuge offers a haven for wildlife and a fantastic setting for nature photography. This 858-acre refuge, established in 1970, is a key part of the state's natural heritage, showcasing a tapestry of habitats. From grasslands and shrublands to salt ponds and freshwater ponds, the area's unique landscape was carved by ancient glaciers and centuries of human interaction with the environment. It's named for a prominent Narragansett chief and is nestled on the shores of Rhode Island's largest salt pond.

The refuge plays a vital role as a stopover on the Atlantic Flyway, attracting a diverse range of migratory birds. It's this dynamic birdlife, along with a variety of other species, that makes Ninigret a true gem for photography enthusiasts. Several dedicated observation platforms offer incredible views, making it ideal for capturing the beauty of the natural world. There are hiking trails that traverse the diverse terrain, allowing for a deeper appreciation of the refuge's ecological tapestry. The Kettle Pond section provides a nice bridge to surrounding conservation areas, including the ASRI Kimball Sanctuary and Burlingame State Park, so you can combine your visits if you wish.

Though the northern section has easier trails that wander through forests of pine and oak, the refuge also serves to protect many threatened and endangered species, highlighting the importance of conservation efforts in this part of Rhode Island. Ultimately, the refuge's appeal lies in its ability to offer both scenic beauty and a glimpse into the intricate workings of a vibrant ecosystem. Whether you are an avid birdwatcher or simply enjoy a peaceful escape, Ninigret offers a special experience of Rhode Island's coastal nature.

Ninigret National Wildlife Refuge, situated on Rhode Island's southern coast, covers a substantial 858 acres of diverse environments. It's a mosaic of habitats including grasslands, shrublands, swamps, ponds, and marshes—a landscape shaped by the remnants of glacial activity and earlier human uses of the land. Established in 1970, it's part of a network of five refuges within the Rhode Island National Wildlife Refuge Complex. The refuge's name, a nod to a prominent Narragansett Indian leader, underscores its connection to the region's rich history.

The refuge stands out for its diverse array of wildlife, especially its role as a crucial stop for migratory birds on the Atlantic Flyway. This makes it a hotspot for birdwatchers and wildlife photographers, especially during the peak migration periods. Visitors can explore the area on foot, utilizing a network of trails, including those in the northern section, which offer a gentle, accessible route through a pine and oak forest interspersed with blueberry shrubs and ferns. The trails wind through various ecosystems, leading to observation platforms that provide a broader perspective of the salt ponds and the coastal landscape.

The Kettle Pond area, bordering ASRI Kimball Sanctuary and Burlingame State Park, further expands the recreational opportunities within the vicinity. It's noteworthy that the refuge serves a vital role in conservation, protecting endangered and threatened species. These protected habitats provide a chance to witness the delicate balance of nature and the intricate interplay between different ecosystems.


The photographic opportunities here are abundant, especially for those interested in capturing the diverse bird species and the unique coastal landscapes. Sunrise and sunset are particularly magical, casting a warm glow over the wetlands and salt ponds. The strategic positioning of observation platforms makes it possible to observe birds without disrupting their natural behaviors. Observing the unique flora, including rarer species like seaside goldenrod that thrive in these saline environments, can also provide visually appealing shots.

Additionally, the refuge serves as a reminder of the region's geological past. The glacial activity that sculpted the landscape continues to play a role in the species that have found a niche here. Ninigret is a relatively short drive from Westerly, adding it to a potential itinerary that could incorporate elements of town exploration and a quick getaway into nature. Periodically, the refuge hosts programs and events focusing on nature photography and birding. These events offer a good opportunity for those interested in improving their wildlife photography skills to learn from experienced practitioners.

7 Hidden Gems Along Rhode Island's Coast From Clay Cliffs to Wildlife Refuges - Black Point Trail Loop at Scarborough Beach State Park

The Black Point Trail Loop, nestled within Scarborough Beach State Park in Narragansett, provides a scenic coastal adventure. This roughly 4-mile trail offers a diverse hiking experience, transitioning from wooded areas to rugged ocean views and sandy beaches. It's a good option for most fitness levels. Along the way, hikers encounter intriguing features like the dilapidated remains of a once-grand mansion called "Windswept," reachable via a short spur trail. The trail eventually rewards hikers with sweeping perspectives of Narragansett Bay and concludes with picturesque views of the Point Judith Lighthouse. However, be mindful of the trail's uneven terrain, particularly sections with rocky passages that may require cautious footing. It's a destination that welcomes families, nature lovers, and those seeking photo opportunities, capturing the unique coastal landscapes of Rhode Island. Ultimately, it's a hidden gem worth exploring for those who enjoy diverse outdoor experiences.

### Black Point Trail Loop at Scarborough Beach State Park: A Coastal Exploration

The Black Point Trail Loop, nestled within Scarborough Beach State Park in Narragansett, Rhode Island, offers a captivating blend of coastal scenery and natural history. This roughly 4-mile loop trail unfolds across a diverse landscape, weaving through wooded sections, rugged coastal vistas, and stretches of sandy beach. It starts near a parking area on Ocean Road and winds its way through forested trails, eventually opening up to breathtaking panoramas of Narragansett Bay.

One of the trail's prominent landmarks is the remnants of "Windswept," a once-grand mansion now weathered by the elements. This historic structure, accessible via a side trail, adds a touch of historical intrigue to the experience. However, hikers should be prepared for varied terrain. The trail's path can be uneven and rocky in places, requiring mindful navigation. This variety attracts a mix of visitors, from families looking for a stimulating day trip to teenagers enjoying a scenic adventure and photographers capturing the area's natural beauty.

Beyond its aesthetic appeal, Black Point reveals a remarkable diversity of natural environments. Its location along the coast fosters rich wildlife and fascinating coastal features. For instance, the Black Point Trail connects with other trails, like the Malcolm Grant Trail, extending opportunities for those interested in a longer coastal hike. The name "Black Point" itself arises from a distinctive ridge of dark rocks that jut into the sea, creating a visually striking element of the landscape.

The loop concludes near Scarborough Beach, offering views of the Point Judith Lighthouse. This scenic finale makes the Black Point Trail a popular choice for outdoor enthusiasts. The trail's location near the beach also provides access to popular angling spots, as the area is known for a variety of fish, including striped bass and bluefish. The trail's juxtaposition to these various environments makes it a unique natural laboratory where various ecosystems overlap.

However, the trail's terrain is not without its challenges. Some sections can be muddy and uneven, demanding careful footing. This natural variability, though, is part of the trail's allure, offering a constantly changing and stimulating experience for hikers. The area also exhibits the impact of the last glacial age with noticeable geological features. The interplay of sea and land near the beach fosters rich marine life and provides opportunities for curious observers of marine environments. Overall, the Black Point Trail Loop offers a remarkable experience for those seeking outdoor adventures that combine historical relevance, ecological exploration, and stunning coastal views.

7 Hidden Gems Along Rhode Island's Coast From Clay Cliffs to Wildlife Refuges - The Sakonnet Point Lighthouse Landing for Local Seafood

The Sakonnet Point Lighthouse in Little Compton, Rhode Island, has served as a maritime guidepost since its construction was finished in 1884. While the lighthouse itself isn't open to the public, its presence adds a touch of historical significance to the area. The surrounding landscape offers breathtaking coastal views, particularly the dramatic clay cliffs that dramatically drop to the Atlantic Ocean. Folks can also explore the nearby Wilbor House Museum, which holds artifacts from the 17th century, for a glimpse into the region's past.

Interestingly, the local landscape isn't just about history, but it's also a place where local wine is produced. Greenvale Farm, a family-run vineyard since the 1980s, adds another dimension to the region's charm. If you're up for something a little more active, local boat charters are available for those seeking adventures that include lighthouse tours. If that isn't enticing enough, you can also find fishing or even whale watching trips that utilize local boats. In essence, this particular section of Rhode Island's coast combines some beautiful landscapes with historical charm, offering an escape for those who seek tranquility and are interested in enjoying scenic beauty.

The Sakonnet Point Lighthouse, a beacon of light since its completion in 1884, stands as a testament to maritime engineering and the navigational needs of the past. Its 43-foot structure, built from local granite, is a prominent feature along the Rhode Island coast, serving as a vital guide for sailors navigating these waters. The lighthouse's construction, funded by a congressional allocation of $20,000 back in 1882, highlights the importance of maritime safety during that era. Its first beam of light illuminated the night sky on November 1st, 1884, marking a new era of navigational accuracy along the coast.

The land around the lighthouse provides a fascinating glimpse into Rhode Island's geological past. Shaped by the forces of glacial activity, the coastal bluffs and beaches reveal a story of slow, continuous change. This interaction of natural forces is visible in the area's unique mix of landscapes – a reminder that the coast is a constantly evolving environment.

While the lighthouse itself isn't open to the public, the area offers other engaging aspects, including access to fresh seafood from local sources. The Sakonnet area's waters are home to a wide variety of seafood, like quahogs and striped bass, which makes it a favored spot for local fishermen and those seeking a truly fresh culinary experience. However, it's not just about seafood. The waters around the lighthouse also play a key role in the migratory patterns of various marine species, like the Atlantic Menhaden. Understanding these migrations is essential for managing fisheries in the area, ensuring a balance between human activity and environmental needs.

Furthermore, the waters near Sakonnet Point, influenced by the position of Point Judith, experience pronounced currents. This phenomenon impacts tidal patterns, making it a captivating spot for fishermen and marine researchers alike. Studying the dynamic interplay of currents in this area could provide insights into water movement in broader coastal environments.

Beyond the lighthouse and its marine environment, the surrounding area is dotted with quieter coves, nature trails, and small waterfront eateries. This picturesque landscape offers a nice contrast to more bustling coastal destinations. Easily accessed from major roadways, Sakonnet Point provides a natural entry point to Rhode Island's coastal region, where historical landmarks and ecological wonders meet. The lighthouse, therefore, becomes a central point of interest, illustrating the interaction of maritime heritage and a dynamic coastal ecosystem.

7 Hidden Gems Along Rhode Island's Coast From Clay Cliffs to Wildlife Refuges - Fort Wetherill State Park Underground Military Tunnels

Nestled on the southeastern tip of Conanicut Island in Jamestown, Rhode Island, Fort Wetherill State Park encompasses 615 acres of scenic coastal land and a fascinating military past. Originally established as a coastal defense post in the early 1940s, the fort was decommissioned following World War II and subsequently fell into disuse. Rhode Island acquired the property in 1969, ultimately designating it as a state park in 1972.

Today, visitors can explore the park's intriguing network of underground military tunnels and discover abandoned bunkers, offering a unique window into the area's historical role in coastal defense. While exploring the park, you'll be treated to breathtaking views of Narragansett Bay and Newport Harbor. The combination of towering 100-foot granite cliffs and these captivating historical elements makes Fort Wetherill a truly unique and compelling destination.

If you are someone who enjoys outdoor exploration and a peek into Rhode Island's military past, this is a great place to visit. Hike the trails, have a picnic, and uncover some of the park's hidden features and relics from a bygone era. You'll discover a hidden treasure along the coast of Rhode Island at Fort Wetherill State Park.

### Fort Wetherill State Park Underground Military Tunnels: A Glimpse into Coastal Defense

Fort Wetherill, nestled on the southeastern tip of Conanicut Island in Jamestown, Rhode Island, embodies a fascinating blend of military history and natural beauty. Initially constructed between 1898 and 1902 as a coastal defense stronghold, it played a crucial role in protecting Narragansett Bay during the era of the Spanish-American War. The fort's strategic positioning and robust design reveal a deep understanding of the military challenges of its time.

The park's most intriguing feature is its extensive underground tunnel network, spanning over a mile. These tunnels are a testament to the engineering capabilities of the era. Their complexity showcases a meticulous plan to optimize defensive capabilities, while also providing vital protection for personnel from enemy fire. The construction utilized locally sourced granite, a choice that reinforces the fort's connection to its environment while contributing to the structures' impressive strength and longevity.

Fort Wetherill's design expertly leveraged the natural landscape as camouflage, integrating earthen mounds and vegetation to conceal its presence from potential attackers. This strategy demonstrates a commitment to stealth and surprise within the military engineering philosophy of the late 19th century. Notably, the fort retained its military relevance throughout World War II, playing a role in training programs during a period of heightened international tensions.

Beyond its military significance, Fort Wetherill's location also offers fascinating insights into Rhode Island's geology. Glacial activity has shaped the surrounding terrain, creating a unique coastal environment that is of interest to geologists and engineers studying coastal erosion and the dynamic interplay between land and sea. Its elevated position provided an exceptional vantage point for monitoring maritime activity, vital for the detection of any potential threats.

Today, the park welcomes visitors keen on exploring the intersection of military history and natural beauty. However, the age and gradual deterioration of the tunnels necessitate cautious exploration, raising questions about the delicate balance between preserving historical structures and providing safe public access. The tunnels also stand as a canvas for modern art forms, with graffiti appearing on the walls—a compelling juxtaposition of past and present that inspires contemplation on the nature of historical sites and urban exploration.

Furthermore, the waters surrounding the fort have gained a reputation as a haven for diving enthusiasts, thanks to the diverse marine life attracted by nearby submerged structures. This highlights the fort's multifaceted role, extending beyond its initial purpose to provide opportunities for modern recreational activities. The Fort Wetherill experience, then, presents a rich tapestry of history, engineering, geology, and recreational use, making it a truly unique gem along Rhode Island's coast.

7 Hidden Gems Along Rhode Island's Coast From Clay Cliffs to Wildlife Refuges - Rome Point Trail Network for Seal Watching December Through April

The Rome Point Trail Network in North Kingstown, Rhode Island, offers a unique opportunity to witness harbor seals in their natural habitat, especially from December to April. Located within John H. Chafee State Park, it's considered one of the best public spots to view these seals in Narragansett Bay. The trail itself is fairly easy, a mostly straight, gently sloping path over rocky terrain, making it suitable for families with young children. It's a roughly 2.5-mile walk, generally taking about 47 minutes, with a minimal elevation gain of only 65 feet.

While the primary draw is seal watching, Rome Point also appeals to birdwatchers, hikers, and casual walkers. However, remember that these seals can be easily disturbed by large crowds, so keeping a respectful distance is important to ensure their well-being. While the parking area can get muddy, the trail itself offers a pleasant escape into Rhode Island's coastal beauty. It's a good reminder that even close to urban areas, wildlife can thrive, provided they are not overly disturbed by visitors.

The Rome Point Trail Network in John H. Chafee State Park, located on Route 1A, Boston Neck Road, North Kingstown, offers an intriguing glimpse into the lives of harbor seals, especially between December and April. This area is considered the best public access point for observing these animals in Narragansett Bay, a testament to the ecological significance of the location.

Harbor seals, the primary inhabitants of interest here, use echolocation for navigation and communication, allowing them to efficiently hunt in the often murky bay waters. These remarkable creatures have evolved a unique circulatory system that allows for extended dives and remarkable oxygen conservation, making them adept hunters of fish. The physiological adaptations of seals, such as their ability to hold their breath for up to 30 minutes, are impressive indicators of their specialized nature.

Interestingly, the best seal viewing experiences here seem to coincide with low tides. At this point, the seals tend to haul out on exposed rocky platforms, making them easier to observe for visitors. The geological formations themselves, influenced by historical glacial activity and continuous coastal erosion, provide a window into the dynamic forces at play along this stretch of coastline. The Rome Point area also plays a vital role in the local marine ecosystem and is part of a larger historical connection to fishing activities that have existed here for generations.

Seal populations, though visible year-round, exhibit shifts in behavior and migratory patterns during the winter months. This often coincides with altered feeding habits as schools of fish move through the area. Therefore, the Rome Point Trail Network becomes an especially good place to observe seals at this time of the year.

However, visitors should be respectful of the sensitive nature of these marine mammals. Maintaining a safe and respectful distance from the seals is crucial to preventing disturbances that can stress the animals or hinder their natural behaviors. While focused on seals, Rome Point also serves as a birdwatching location, attracting various avian species during the winter. The trail itself, which is about 2.5 miles long and has a relatively minor elevation change, is suitable for families and those looking for a gentle hike or a walk along the coast. The trail itself is relatively easy to navigate, being mostly straight and wide, even with the rocky terrain.

The parking area near the trailhead is unpaved and susceptible to mud, yet typically provides space for visitors. While the area can be popular during the seal season, it's a reminder of the remarkable natural interplay of marine species and dynamic geological formations that are present along the coast of Rhode Island.

7 Hidden Gems Along Rhode Island's Coast From Clay Cliffs to Wildlife Refuges - Sachuest Point National Wildlife Refuge Ocean Side Walking Paths

Sachuest Point National Wildlife Refuge, situated in Middletown, Rhode Island, presents a tranquil escape for those seeking a connection with nature and stunning ocean views. Encompassing 242 acres of coastal land, the refuge offers a network of well-maintained paths ideal for leisurely strolls and wildlife observation. The easy-to-follow trails, which include the popular 2.4-mile Flint Point Loop, are a draw for hikers of all abilities. The refuge's biodiversity, especially its role as a haven for over 200 migratory bird species, makes it a prime spot for birdwatching enthusiasts.


Beyond the trails, the refuge offers several picturesque locations along rocky shorelines and scenic overlooks like Price Neck, providing panoramic views of the Atlantic. These spots contribute to the refuge's overall serene ambiance, making it a perfect place for a peaceful escape from the hustle and bustle of everyday life. The visitor center, open daily from 10 am to 3 pm, offers exhibits and facilities, making the refuge a convenient destination for a day trip. However, visitors should be mindful of the limited restroom facilities and their availability only at the visitor center.


In essence, the Sachuest Point National Wildlife Refuge is a hidden gem along Rhode Island's coast, a place where nature lovers can enjoy a peaceful walk, observe diverse wildlife, and take in some truly inspiring views. While the refuge's accessibility makes it a popular destination, hopefully, its tranquil atmosphere remains largely unspoiled for future generations to appreciate.

Sachuest Point National Wildlife Refuge, situated in Middletown, Rhode Island, encompasses 242 acres of coastal land that offers a captivating blend of natural beauty and scientific interest. The area's geological composition, shaped by the last glacial period, has led to a diversity of coastal environments including salt marshes, dunes, and rocky shorelines, all supporting an incredible variety of life. It is, for instance, a prime location for birdwatching, as it's a crucial migratory stop on the Atlantic Flyway. Researchers have recorded over 200 bird species, including the rare piping plover during its nesting season.


The walking paths themselves are woven into a broader effort to restore the ecosystem. This includes reintroducing native plant species to help revitalize habitats and attract wildlife. This highlights the role human intervention can play in supporting ecological resilience. The trails encompass a variety of habitats, offering visitors a close-up view of how quickly environments can change, as they traverse coastal and estuarine zones within a relatively short 2.4-mile loop. This loop is generally considered an easy walk and takes around 45 minutes to complete.

The region's ecological richness extends beyond the refuge's boundaries. The waters of Rhode Island Sound surrounding the point are rich in nutrients, leading to occasional sightings of migratory dolphins and seals. While a delightful sight, it also reveals a challenge for ecologists studying the area; understanding how these large mammals, and others, affect and are affected by the various habitats is a challenge for future research.

Historical documents point to Sachuest Point's significance for the Narragansett Tribe, adding a layer of cultural context to the region's natural history. While on the trails, you can encounter interpretive signs that attempt to explain this connection to the past. The coast also displays noticeable seasonal shifts. The windswept dunes in winter reveal a dramatic and often turbulent ocean. Conversely, spring heralds a vibrant burst of plant life which attracts a variety of birds and pollinators, further enriching the biological tapestry of the area.

However, like other coastal regions, Sachuest Point has experienced challenges, including the introduction of green crabs, an invasive species. These crabs are a reminder of the constant dynamic nature of marine biodiversity and the ongoing work of managers to protect the region's delicate ecosystems. A focus on accessibility is part of the design of the trails, allowing people with different physical abilities to experience the natural beauty. Finally, it's worth noting that the refuge's staff is involved in educational programs, hosting guided walks and informative discussions on topics such as coastal environments, migration patterns, and wildlife conservation. This highlights the efforts to raise public awareness and foster a sense of responsibility towards protecting the natural resources within the refuge.