7 Hidden Train Routes in Europe Under $50 That Rival Premium Airlines

7 Hidden Train Routes in Europe Under $50 That Rival Premium Airlines - Ljubljana to Budapest Train Route through Alpine Villages 20 EUR

The route from Ljubljana to Budapest by train is a hidden gem, offering a picturesque journey through the Alps for as little as 20 euros if you book in advance. This relatively short, roughly 7-hour ride gives you a delightful taste of rural Europe. Several trains run each day, with the quickest and most direct one taking about 7 hours and 15 minutes. While convenient, it's worth noting that train tickets can become more expensive during peak hours, especially in the mornings and late afternoons. As a viable alternative, buses take about 6 hours and 10 minutes. But honestly, for a journey like this, experiencing the beauty from the train window is part of the fun – making it a journey worth taking for the experience alone. It's a delightful alternative to flying and demonstrates that even in this era of high-speed travel, taking your time and enjoying the surroundings still matters.


Traveling by train from Ljubljana to Budapest for as little as 20 EUR presents a unique opportunity to experience the transition through alpine landscapes of Slovenia and Austria. The roughly 350-kilometer journey avoids major highways, offering a more relaxed, scenic experience compared to conventional bus routes.

The train journey itself reveals a captivating architectural narrative, from medieval churches nestled in Slovenian villages to the Art Nouveau influence visible in Budapest. It's a journey that spans history and architectural styles in a compelling way.

One fascinating element is Slovenia's landscape. With over 3,000 lakes, often visible from the train, travelers get a sense of the unique geography of the region. The train, traveling at speeds between 80 to 120 km/h, allows for a more leisurely observation of these vistas. It's a pace that promotes contemplation and appreciation for the changing scenery.

Further along the route, we observe the prevalence of geothermal energy in both Slovenia and Hungary, particularly seen in the emergence of thermal baths. These offer not only health benefits but also illustrate the local economy’s adaptation to the natural resources of the region. This makes it a more interesting route in a geographical sense compared to others.

One of the intriguing aspects of a train journey is that you bypass the complexity of airline travel and its infrastructure. Boarding, getting settled and avoiding long security lines becomes more straightforward and expeditious. This is especially appealing to an individual who values a simplified travel experience.

The route itself offers fascinating geological insights. The Alpine uplift's influence is readily visible through karst landscapes and rolling hills. It's a visual reminder of natural forces that have shaped the region over time.

The journey provides a cultural journey as well. The gradual shift from Slovenian to Hungarian language offers a glimpse into the area's complex history, including the impact of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

The roughly 7-hour travel time offers flexibility. Passengers can explore local cuisine through the train's dining car, adding to the overall travel experience at a minimal extra cost. It’s a testament to how a longer travel time can be turned into a positive element.

From a logistical perspective, there are up to 6 daily departures, with the earliest departing around 08:45 on weekdays and the last departing around 00:15. It’s worth noting that train prices can fluctuate based on demand, particularly during peak hours (06:00 to 10:00 and from 15:00 onward). One direct train departs daily for those who want to skip transfers and optimize time.

Alternatively, bus travel also exists as an option, taking around 6 hours and 10 minutes. However, the train, while perhaps slightly longer, presents a more immersive and, arguably, valuable experience for the traveler focused on the aesthetics of the journey.

What else is in this post?

1. 7 Hidden Train Routes in Europe Under $50 That Rival Premium Airlines - Ljubljana to Budapest Train Route through Alpine Villages 20 EUR
2. 7 Hidden Train Routes in Europe Under $50 That Rival Premium Airlines - Belgrade to Bar Montenegro Express Past Limestone Cliffs 30 EUR
3. 7 Hidden Train Routes in Europe Under $50 That Rival Premium Airlines - Porto to Pocinho Route Along Douro Valley Vineyards 25 EUR
4. 7 Hidden Train Routes in Europe Under $50 That Rival Premium Airlines - Prague to Dresden Journey Through Saxon Switzerland 45 EUR
5. 7 Hidden Train Routes in Europe Under $50 That Rival Premium Airlines - Venice to Ljubljana Alpine Adventure Through Julian Alps 40 EUR
6. 7 Hidden Train Routes in Europe Under $50 That Rival Premium Airlines - Brussels to Luxembourg Forest Route Through Ardennes 35 EUR
7. 7 Hidden Train Routes in Europe Under $50 That Rival Premium Airlines - Thessaloniki to Istanbul Night Train Along Aegean Coast 49 EUR

7 Hidden Train Routes in Europe Under $50 That Rival Premium Airlines - Belgrade to Bar Montenegro Express Past Limestone Cliffs 30 EUR

For a mere 30 EUR, the Belgrade to Bar train journey in Montenegro presents a unique and affordable way to experience a truly scenic rail adventure. This 476-kilometer route, built over several decades and completed in 1976, winds through a diverse landscape, showcasing the engineering feat of 254 tunnels and 435 bridges. The train itself, operated by both Serbian and Montenegrin national railways, allows you to experience the landscape at a leisurely pace. It takes about 11 hours to reach the Adriatic port of Bar, offering plenty of time to appreciate the ever-changing views.

The highlight of this journey are the truly spectacular landscapes—think rugged limestone cliffs, stunning sunrise views over mountain ranges, and the beautiful Lake Skadar. One of the most impressive landmarks is the Moraca Canyon, home to Europe's highest railway bridge, a testament to human engineering ingenuity in a dramatic natural setting. While the standard ticket costs 30 EUR, a first-class couchette is available for 49 EUR.

Although the route may not appeal to those solely focused on speed, it offers a compelling alternative to crowded budget airlines for anyone seeking a more memorable journey. This route stands out due to its picturesque landscapes, its fascinating blend of engineering and nature, and a tangible sense of the Balkan cultural heritage.

The Belgrade to Bar line in the Balkans covers roughly 476 kilometers and takes around 10.5 hours, showcasing some of the region's most striking mountain landscapes. It's a testament to engineering prowess, featuring over 250 bridges and 40 tunnels, forged through the challenging terrain and limestone cliffs of Montenegro. The train climbs over 1,000 meters in elevation, offering a diverse range of landscapes and climate zones visible through the windows.

The project itself is interesting from a historical perspective, starting in the 1950s and finishing in 1976. It was a strategic rail link within former Yugoslavia, aiming to foster economic ties. It's a fascinating artifact of a bygone era. Passengers can glimpse Lake Skadar, a significant lake in the region, famed for its endemic species and its contribution to Balkan biodiversity.

The journey takes you past distinctive limestone formations in the Dinaric Alps, the result of millennia of geological processes. The resulting karst landscape is eye-catching. You can get there for a modest 30 euros, which is a bargain compared to flights. Not only do you save money, but you also gain a multi-faceted look into the region's cultural history as you pass through different landscapes.

The design of the trains reflects the architectural and engineering trends of the time, blending some aspects of Western and Eastern European styles. Beyond its scenic qualities, it's a vital goods transportation route, connecting regions that are difficult to access by road. It operates year-round, meaning one can witness changing seasons from fall's colorful leaves to a winter blanketed in snow. This flexibility is another appealing aspect of the route for those who enjoy a bit of seasonality in their journeys.

7 Hidden Train Routes in Europe Under $50 That Rival Premium Airlines - Porto to Pocinho Route Along Douro Valley Vineyards 25 EUR

The journey from Porto to Pocinho along the Douro River offers a captivating train ride through Portugal's celebrated wine region for a surprisingly low price of around 25 euros. This 3.5-hour trip on the scenic Linha do Douro railway line is one of the country's most beautiful train journeys. Departing from Porto's São Bento Station, which itself is worth a visit, you'll find a good number of trains daily. You can make the most of a day trip by choosing an early morning departure around 8 AM or 9 AM, enjoying the day in this remarkably picturesque region. The last train back leaves Pocinho at about 5:14 PM and arrives in Porto by around 8:30 PM.

The Douro Valley, located less than 100 km from Porto, is a short trip by car, but the train trip lets you experience the landscape as you meander along the river and enjoy the view of the terraced vineyards. While it's a very appealing day trip from Porto, the journey is just too far to do this from Lisbon. There's even a plan to extend the railway line further east, to Barca de Alva, but that remains a project for the future.

The trip is a testament to how a relaxing train journey can be a great alternative to air travel. You get to see the landscape at a leisurely pace and appreciate the unique beauty of the Douro Valley. It's a nice way to experience a different part of Portugal without breaking the bank.

The Porto to Pocinho train route, snaking through the Douro Valley's vineyards for a mere 25 EUR, presents a captivating journey that's both visually stunning and geologically intriguing. The Douro River, over countless years, has sculpted this valley through granite and schist rock, resulting in a unique landscape marked by steep, terraced vineyards.

This 115-kilometer rail line, inaugurated back in 1887, represents a significant early engineering endeavor in Portugal. It linked Porto with the interior wine-producing regions and continues to be vital for moving not just tourists but also essential goods like Port wine. The trip provides a fascinating view into the evolution of winemaking in the Douro Valley. You see both traditional, centuries-old practices and modern techniques, with vineyards frequently accessed by rugged, terrace-like paths expertly crafted to accommodate grape growing in this challenging terrain.

The Douro Valley holds UNESCO World Heritage status, signifying not just its remarkable agricultural practices but its historical significance as well. It's a prime example of the relationship between human activity and landscape, showcasing a wine culture that's thrived for ages. Unlike the comparatively sterile experience of flying at a fixed altitude, this train journey takes you through a landscape that varies in elevation from 50 to 660 meters, offering a much greater range of scenic vistas and diverse ecosystems.

The train's average speed is around 50 km/h, making for a more leisurely pace that contrasts with the often hurried nature of budget air travel. This relaxed pace allows travelers to fully appreciate the stunning scenery of the terraced vineyards and the meandering Douro River. It's a river that plays a crucial role in the Iberian Peninsula's ecosystem, featuring unique wetland areas, pine forests, and Mediterranean shrublands. It showcases the biodiversity of the region, rendering the ride not just scenic but also environmentally meaningful.

The train itself has been carefully engineered to navigate the demanding terrain, with locomotives specifically designed for handling steep inclines. This reflects an intelligent engineering approach carefully adapted to the Douro Valley's particular geographical attributes.

Throughout the journey, passengers are treated to views of historical quintas (wine estates) which represent quintessential aspects of Portugal's heritage. Many of these continue to practice biodynamic farming, demonstrating a thoughtful blending of ancient tradition and modern agricultural innovation.

In essence, for only 25 EUR, the Porto to Pocinho train route provides a palpable connection to Portugal's past. It offers a journey through centuries of agricultural practice, settlement patterns, and regional development, highlighting how transportation has shaped these thriving landscapes. It's a trip that effortlessly weaves together history, nature, and human ingenuity, all at a remarkably affordable price.

7 Hidden Train Routes in Europe Under $50 That Rival Premium Airlines - Prague to Dresden Journey Through Saxon Switzerland 45 EUR

For a mere 45 EUR, the train journey from Prague to Dresden through Saxon Switzerland presents a compelling alternative to pricier travel options. This roughly 2.5-hour trip elegantly interweaves affordability with stunning scenery. The route links two historic cities while cutting through the beautiful landscape of the Saxon Switzerland National Park, famed for its dense woodland and striking rock structures.

The journey offers a balanced experience, blending access to natural marvels like the iconic Bastei Bridge with cultural exploration within Dresden, encompassing landmarks like the Royal Palace and Frauenkirche Church. It makes for an attractive day trip for travelers with varied interests, blending outdoor pursuits with urban explorations.

The affordability of this option is a key factor for those who value an enjoyable yet inexpensive travel experience. It cleverly challenges the notion that scenic travel is only accessible via more costly airline journeys. This journey demonstrates how a focused rail route can provide compelling views and access to noteworthy destinations in a budget-conscious manner. Ultimately, the Prague to Dresden journey is a fine example of how taking a slower, more considered route can result in a more fulfilling journey. It's a reminder that sometimes the most rewarding experiences come from embracing alternative and cost-effective routes.

Here are 10 points of interest about the Prague to Dresden train journey traversing Saxon Switzerland, accessible for just 45 EUR:


1. **Geological Time Capsule:** The Saxon Switzerland National Park showcases the Elbe Sandstone Mountains, formed over 100 million years ago. These striking rock formations and deep valleys bear witness to erosion and geological processes, offering a tangible insight into Earth's history.
2. **A Bridge in Time:** The train journey crosses the notable Bastei Bridge, built in the mid-19th century, towering 194 meters above the Elbe River. It's a testament to human engineering ingenuity seamlessly integrated into a naturally stunning setting, rewarding passengers with breathtaking panoramic vistas.
3. **Connecting Cultures:** This railway route not only links two cities but also played a pivotal role in the historical exchange between Bohemia and Saxony. Observing the evolving transportation infrastructure since its inception in the late 19th century reveals how rail travel has transformed the relationship between these regions.
4. **Botanical Tapestry:** The railway line's surroundings boast remarkable biodiversity, with over 700 plant species documented, some exclusive to this region. This floral variety illuminates the ecological significance of Saxon Switzerland.
5. **Elbe River's Scenic Symphony:** The train journey provides captivating views of the Elbe River intertwining with the mountain landscape. The roughly 140-kilometer stretch varies significantly in elevation, maximizing the scenic appeal and providing a continuous visual spectacle for travelers.
6. **Canvas of Nature:** Saxon Switzerland's landscapes have enticed numerous artists and filmmakers, including Caspar David Friedrich, whose romantic portrayals vividly capture the spirit of the area. These dramatic rock formations and lush valleys make a scenic backdrop frequently showcased in visual arts.
7. **Optimized for Views:** The train maintains an average speed of roughly 70 km/h, prioritizing scenic appreciation without compromising efficiency. This balanced pace enables travelers to fully engage with the complex details of the landscape without being rushed.
8. **Thermal Treasures:** In nearby towns like Bad Schandau, geothermal activity leads to thermal springs utilized for health and wellness purposes. These natural resources symbolize the cultural value placed on relaxation and healing, attracting visitors throughout the year.
9. **Historical Glimpses:** From the train windows, passengers can see charming towns like Hřensko with buildings dating back to the 18th century. These settlements serve as windows into the past and the architectural styles characteristic of the area during that period.
10. **Value-Driven Travel:** At a mere 45 EUR, this train connection stands in stark contrast to the cost of budget flights or car rentals for similar routes. This affordability exemplifies a shift in travel preferences where rail travel is appreciated not solely for transportation but for the journey itself.

7 Hidden Train Routes in Europe Under $50 That Rival Premium Airlines - Venice to Ljubljana Alpine Adventure Through Julian Alps 40 EUR

A journey from Venice to Ljubljana by train for a mere 40 EUR presents a fantastic opportunity to explore the stunning Julian Alps. This rail route seamlessly connects the iconic Venetian waterways with the charming Slovenian capital, offering a picturesque passage through captivating landscapes. While Venice boasts two major train stations – Santa Lucia on the lagoon and Mestre on the mainland – it's crucial to verify which one serves international routes when planning your trip. Not all trains will navigate the Venetian lagoon directly to Ljubljana. Once in Ljubljana, travelers can readily connect to destinations like Lake Bled, a testament to the region’s accessibility and offering further opportunities for exploring the Slovene countryside. This affordable train experience serves as a strong contender to flying, demonstrating how budget-conscious travel can be both economical and memorable, allowing discovery of Europe's lesser-known wonders.

The train journey from Venice to Ljubljana, priced at around 40 EUR, presents an intriguing opportunity to explore the Julian Alps while enjoying the transition between distinct cultural landscapes. Venice, with its two major stations, Santa Lucia on the lagoon and Venice Mestre on the mainland, serves as a launchpad for this adventure. However, not all international trains arrive at Santa Lucia, highlighting the importance of carefully checking train routes when planning.

The route offers a compelling geological narrative, showcasing Slovenia's karst landscapes. These unique geological features, formed through the dissolution of limestone, add a distinctive visual character to the journey, offering occasional glimpses of caves and sinkholes. Moreover, the route itself has a historical significance, having served as a crucial trade corridor during the Austro-Hungarian Empire. This legacy reveals a fascinating insight into the economic development and the cultural exchange within this region.

Nature enthusiasts will appreciate the diverse ecosystems within the Julian Alps. The region boasts a significant range of flora and fauna, including the endangered Eurasian brown bear. While bear sightings from the train might be a long shot, the abundant greenery and forested areas give a vivid sense of the area's remarkable biodiversity.

The trip allows one to engage in a cultural and culinary exploration. Passengers can experience the transition from Italian to Slovenian culinary influences as the landscape changes. Slovenian specialties like *Štruklji* can be enjoyed during stopovers, showcasing a unique blend of local tradition and flavors, a facet frequently lost when relying solely on air travel.

From a travel perspective, trains offer a more measured pace, traveling between 50-120 km/h. This moderate speed enables passengers to immerse themselves in the shifting landscapes, a far cry from the often rushed experiences of commercial air travel with lengthy layovers and the associated security checks. It's an enjoyable approach to exploration, contrasting with the frequent sense of isolation one experiences within a pressurized cabin.

Slovenia’s substantial forest cover, roughly 60% of its landmass, makes for stunning views of the varied vegetation from the train windows. It emphasizes a crucial aspect of the region, how vibrant ecosystems and natural resources intertwine with urban development. Moreover, this route presents a chronological evolution of architectural styles. From Venice's classic Gothic and Renaissance influences to the more modern structures in Ljubljana, each locale offers insights into design philosophies and historical shifts.

The shift from Italian to Slovenian languages also presents a cultural transition, showcasing the intricate history and various influences that have shaped this region throughout history. Trains on this route are commonly equipped with large windows, facilitating a heightened connection to the external environment. This allows for a far richer experience than a standard airline journey where windows can be restricted and often lack the size to fully capture the landscape.

In conclusion, the Venice to Ljubljana journey by train, priced affordably at 40 EUR, offers an engaging experience that goes beyond simply reaching a destination. It is a unique and economical method to partake in a journey through various landscapes, cultural shifts, and a captivating geological narrative, offering a blend of sensory engagement that surpasses the constraints of often hurried airline experiences.

7 Hidden Train Routes in Europe Under $50 That Rival Premium Airlines - Brussels to Luxembourg Forest Route Through Ardennes 35 EUR

A train journey from Brussels to the Luxembourg Forest, passing through the Ardennes region, can be a captivating experience for just 35 EUR. It's a relatively short ride of about an hour, opening up access to the Ardennes' beauty—a landscape dotted with dense forests and beautiful trails like the Escapardenne. This well-known trail stretches across the Ardennes from Ettelbruck to Kautenbach, and you can easily access it from the train.

The train departs hourly from the Bruxelles-Luxembourg station, reaching Luxembourg City in about 2 hours and 45 minutes. This presents a relaxed, affordable alternative to flying, allowing you to avoid the hectic rush of airports and experience a more tranquil form of travel. Plus, it provides a great jumping-off point for exploring the Ardennes' outdoors, especially during the more pleasant months of April to September, making it popular for hikers.

This Brussels to Luxembourg route is a great example of how train travel can be both cheap and rewarding. The scenic beauty of the Ardennes is certainly competitive with what you might find on some airline routes, all at a very affordable price. It's an option worth considering for anyone looking for a different perspective on travel in the region.

A journey through the Ardennes from Brussels to Luxembourg for just 35 EUR presents a compelling alternative to air travel, especially given the scenic allure of this region. The approximately 2-hour and 45-minute journey via train, with tickets starting around 20 EUR, offers a good value proposition for travelers. The train departs hourly from Bruxelles-Luxembourg station and is a viable option for getting to Luxembourg.

One of the first things that draws attention on this route is the Ardennes' distinct topography. The landscape here, formed over millions of years by erosion and glacial activity, is characterized by deep valleys and pronounced slopes, forming a sort of plateau. The landscape itself is a key element to this trip, and the train route itself emphasizes the hydrographic significance of this area, as the region has a high density of rivers like the Meuse and Semois. This water network, which shapes much of the ecosystem, is readily visible through the train windows.

The route also offers a glance into railway history in Europe. Constructed in the mid-19th century, it played a crucial role in the developing economies of Belgium and Luxembourg, facilitating trade and travel. Today, the trains, with speeds around 100km/h, navigate this sometimes challenging terrain smoothly and efficiently.

The train also serves as a conduit between cultures. While the region surrounding Brussels is largely Francophone, the Luxembourgish culture that dominates the Grand Duchy slowly reveals itself through both the landscape and language. In places like Arlon, one can perceive architectural style influenced by both nations, hinting at the region’s complex history.

Further, the Ardennes region is recognized for its natural biodiversity. Along the route, travelers are likely to see the extensive woodlands of the Ardennes, and the region's reputation as a hotspot for various species like the European otter. For those who appreciate local cuisines, this route presents opportunities to try the region’s famed asparagus in season.

One of the key aspects of this route from a logistical standpoint is that the rail network not only connects commuters but also carries vital goods. It's a powerful illustration of how rail transport has evolved to be essential for economic activity in the region and beyond.

As the train progresses towards Luxembourg, the landscape undergoes an interesting transformation. The once flat plains typical of the Brussels region give way to the rolling hills and lush valleys of the Ardennes, highlighting the varied geography that forms this region. The overall change in the environment makes for a pleasing visual journey.

Ultimately, the Brussels to Luxembourg train route presents a compelling argument against some of the more expensive and inconvenient air travel options for those who find themselves interested in exploring this picturesque region. At a cost of just 35 EUR, it’s a journey worthy of consideration. It’s a solid example that enjoyable travel experiences don't always require large expenses, offering travelers an attractive blend of affordability and picturesque scenery.

7 Hidden Train Routes in Europe Under $50 That Rival Premium Airlines - Thessaloniki to Istanbul Night Train Along Aegean Coast 49 EUR

The Thessaloniki to Istanbul night train offers a unique and budget-friendly way to experience the Aegean coast, all for around 49 EUR. This daily service covers the distance in approximately 11 hours, showcasing the region's beauty while avoiding the hassle of air travel, like airport security and the usual rush. For those seeking even more economical options, a train from Sofia to Istanbul is available for as low as 29 EUR, departing in the late afternoon and arriving early the following morning.

Although bus travel is a quicker alternative at around 30-45 EUR, the night train offers a more immersive experience with its views of the coastline. It's a reminder that budget travel doesn't have to mean sacrificing a fulfilling journey. It's a fascinating way to witness the shift in landscapes and absorb the regional culture, challenging the notion that only pricier options deliver memorable experiences. It’s a worthwhile alternative, especially for those seeking a less hurried and more scenic way to travel between these two cities.

The Thessaloniki to Istanbul night train journey, costing around 49 EUR, offers an intriguing mix of historical context and modern travel. This roughly 11-hour ride across approximately 300 kilometers provides a fascinating look at the Aegean coast and its varied ecosystems, from sandy beaches to rocky cliffs and agricultural lands. It's a journey that showcases the impact of the Mediterranean climate on the region.


The route itself dates back to the Ottoman Empire, highlighting the early 20th-century engineering that adapted to the challenging terrain and varying elevation changes. It's a testament to how rail lines were strategically integrated into regional development, reflecting a time of rapid industrialization and expanding trade networks. As the train travels from Thessaloniki to Istanbul, passengers experience a rich cultural transition. There's a slow shift in architecture from the Byzantine and Ottoman influences to modern Turkish architecture. Likewise, the shift from Greek to Turkish is a tangible reminder of the diverse history of this border region.

The culinary heritage of the area is also highlighted, with chances to enjoy local delicacies like *sarma* and *börek*, showcasing traditional cooking and flavors unique to these regions.

The train, traversing the eastern plains of Macedonia and the hilly terrain near the Turkish border, offers scenic changes influenced by tectonic activity in the Hellenic Arc. The views from the train vary significantly, with the occasional glimpse of wildlife, especially migrating bird species, giving a sense of the diversity found along the Aegean.

An overnight train journey provides a rather different perspective on travel than usual. It offers a chance to witness the city lights of Thessaloniki gradually fade into the coastal shadows of villages and towns, allowing one to savor the atmosphere of a slower pace of travel.

Interestingly, there are also train options from Sofia to Istanbul (starting at 29 EUR) and comparable bus journeys that take about 7 hours and 45 minutes and cost approximately 30-45 EUR. However, the night train journey from Thessaloniki to Istanbul does stand out given the cultural and scenic experiences. While Aegean Airlines also offers direct flights (around 130 EUR) between these two cities, the train is a more economical choice for the budget traveler.


The Hellenic Train ticket platform has also seen some upgrades in recent times, which may make booking more accessible for interested travelers. However, the exact providers of this service can vary, from Hellenic Train to Istanbul Ulasim.


For those seeking a budget-friendly and atmospheric travel experience, the Thessaloniki to Istanbul night train offers a compelling option. It demonstrates that journeys can be both economical and enlightening, blending cultural transitions with stunning coastal scenery. It is a compelling argument for revisiting the old idea of rail journeys, especially when travel options are abundant and sometimes less satisfying.