7 Student-Friendly Cities in Europe with Fall Semester University Exchange Programs and Direct Flights from the US

7 Student-Friendly Cities in Europe with Fall Semester University Exchange Programs and Direct Flights from the US - Barcelona with Free Public Transit for Exchange Students and United Airlines Daily Flights from Newark

Barcelona offers a compelling proposition for exchange students, especially given its free public transport scheme for international students. The city's comprehensive transport network, encompassing an extensive metro system, a wide bus network, and trams, provides students with an efficient and economical way to get around. United Airlines offers convenient daily flights from Newark, eliminating the need for lengthy layovers and making Barcelona easily accessible for students embarking on their European adventure. The seamless integration of various transport modes through passes simplifies navigation, enabling students to explore the city's diverse cultural offerings while immersing themselves in the Spanish language. Barcelona's dynamic environment, blending academic opportunities with rich cultural experiences, positions it as an attractive destination for students seeking to expand their perspectives and knowledge within a welcoming atmosphere. While there are tourist passes, for longer stays, it remains to be seen if the free public transport for exchange students is actually available for all of them or if some restrictions apply.

Barcelona's public transportation system is a noteworthy aspect of the city, especially for students. Exchange students, in particular, benefit from free access to this network, which encompasses eleven metro lines, buses, trams, and other options. This program not only reduces travel costs but also encourages exploration of the city. While the system's core hours are from 5 am to midnight, extended services on Fridays and Saturdays make it quite usable for most student schedules. The availability of passes like the "Hola BCN" card presents a structured approach to managing transport for visitors, including options for 2 to 5 day durations. However, it is worth noting that a basic single trip on the metro from the airport to the city center costs €2.40, showcasing that even with free passes, understanding the intricacies of the system is necessary. Additionally, the integrated nature of the system enables seamless transitions between different transport modes, including buses and trams, for up to 90 minutes with a single ticket or pass. This can be a big plus for students who are constantly moving about.

While there are plenty of options to get around including ride-sharing services like Cabify, Uber, and Bolt, taxis, bikes, scooters, etc. the most appealing aspect is the well-integrated metro and bus system. The T-Grup card, a multi-person ticket that includes 70 trips over a 30 day period, offers an interesting alternative, particularly for students who plan to use the system extensively, albeit it's at a cost of about €79.45.

Furthermore, the frequent and direct flights provided by United Airlines from Newark create easy access to the city. Flights are daily, which is a plus when scheduling for long distance travel. The roughly 7.5 hour average travel time for the transatlantic crossing is reasonably efficient, though that is only part of the picture. Pricing tends to hover around $506 for a round trip, a rate which, though not unusual for a transatlantic journey, is subject to market pressures and should be carefully tracked over time.


The general notion that the city is relatively accessible for students is not uncommon, but the reality is that exchange programs are targeted to students across a wide range of budgets and study schedules. Students can utilize their time to brush up on their Spanish language skills and explore the city’s historical and cultural richness.

What else is in this post?

1. 7 Student-Friendly Cities in Europe with Fall Semester University Exchange Programs and Direct Flights from the US - Barcelona with Free Public Transit for Exchange Students and United Airlines Daily Flights from Newark
2. 7 Student-Friendly Cities in Europe with Fall Semester University Exchange Programs and Direct Flights from the US - Amsterdam Exchange Programs Under $4,000 per Semester and KLM Direct Routes from 8 US Cities
3. 7 Student-Friendly Cities in Europe with Fall Semester University Exchange Programs and Direct Flights from the US - Prague Brings Low Cost Student Housing at $350 Monthly and Delta's New JFK Service
4. 7 Student-Friendly Cities in Europe with Fall Semester University Exchange Programs and Direct Flights from the US - Lisbon's Engineering Exchange Program at $2,500 with TAP Portugal Flights from Boston
5. 7 Student-Friendly Cities in Europe with Fall Semester University Exchange Programs and Direct Flights from the US - Copenhagen Business School Exchange with $500 Monthly Transit Pass and SAS Connections from Chicago
6. 7 Student-Friendly Cities in Europe with Fall Semester University Exchange Programs and Direct Flights from the US - Dublin Trinity College Programs at €3,000 per Term with Aer Lingus Routes from 7 US Airports
7. 7 Student-Friendly Cities in Europe with Fall Semester University Exchange Programs and Direct Flights from the US - Munich Technical University Exchange at €750 Monthly with Lufthansa's Daily US Connections

7 Student-Friendly Cities in Europe with Fall Semester University Exchange Programs and Direct Flights from the US - Amsterdam Exchange Programs Under $4,000 per Semester and KLM Direct Routes from 8 US Cities

Amsterdam presents an appealing option for students aiming for a reasonably priced European exchange experience, with semester programs available for under $4,000. Both the University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam offer a selection of courses taught in English, making them accessible to a broad range of students. However, specific faculties or host universities may impose certain restrictions on exchange student participation. The availability of direct KLM flights from eight US cities simplifies travel to Amsterdam, making it convenient for students to embark on their academic adventures. Additionally, exchange programs often operate under the umbrella of the Erasmus Charter, which provides a network of support and collaboration between participating universities, further benefiting students with a structured framework during their time abroad. This support system, along with the city's welcoming atmosphere, helps students transition into a new academic setting and fully immerse themselves in Dutch culture. While the appeal of Amsterdam is clear, potential exchange students should carefully research the specific requirements and limitations of their chosen program and faculty within both universities. Finding the right fit among the partner universities will require some effort on the student's side. Amsterdam may not be for everyone, though if all the pieces fall into place it can be an excellent choice for students.

Amsterdam presents an interesting opportunity for US students looking for exchange programs, especially given the direct flight options and relatively affordable semester costs. KLM, the Dutch national airline, offers a decent number of non-stop connections from several US hubs including New York, Los Angeles, and Miami. While transatlantic travel isn't exactly cheap, round trip flights to Amsterdam can frequently be found for under $700, making the trip somewhat manageable for those on a budget. It remains to be seen if the pricing trends continue at this level going forward. The fare range itself is somewhat in flux and subject to several variables.

The University of Amsterdam, along with Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, provide exchange program options, but it seems that most are subject to the Global Exchange Program, an initiative that connects universities across the world. This means that a range of requirements are in place, and while programs seem available for all fields of study, requirements and restrictions vary from faculty to faculty. It's prudent to note that students should check with their faculty on specifics, as it might influence the available partner universities. Both Universities, as part of the European Erasmus Charter, offer support services to visiting students from abroad, which is a point in their favor.

It's interesting that Vrije Universiteit hosts weekly orientation sessions for exchange students, as this suggests a degree of standardization in the onboarding and integration process. However, finding details on the exact curriculum available is not quite as straightforward. The Universities have some requirements for incoming students, as usual. These include a minimum GPA of 3.0 and at least two years of studies completed at the home university.



It's also worth noting that students can save money on Amsterdam's public transport system, a network which includes extensive tram, bus, and ferry service, through a variety of student discounts available on passes. This could help those living outside of the immediate vicinity of their university. Given that Amsterdam is a relatively compact city with a strong cycling culture, it would be interesting to see how often this mode of transport is actually used. Many students might find it practical and affordable enough to rely primarily on cycling. Also, Amsterdam is a relatively expensive city to live in, but a student budget of around €900 a month seems feasible for those who live modestly.


One thing worth investigating is how easy it is to actually get a job in Amsterdam after completing one's studies. The Dutch digital nomad visa allows for an additional year of stay, which might entice students who are interested in the long-term prospects in the city. And one cannot ignore the potential for culinary adventures, as Amsterdam offers various food markets and eateries at relatively affordable price points, allowing students to explore the Dutch culinary scene. Overall, if you are looking for an European city with a range of exchange options and the possibility to experience a new culture, Amsterdam could be worth considering.

7 Student-Friendly Cities in Europe with Fall Semester University Exchange Programs and Direct Flights from the US - Prague Brings Low Cost Student Housing at $350 Monthly and Delta's New JFK Service

Prague is becoming increasingly popular amongst students looking for a budget-friendly European study experience. New student housing options like The FIZZ in the Holešovice district offer modern apartments, including singles, doubles, and twins, for around $350 a month. This is a welcome addition to the already existing options, with student housing generally ranging from $250 to $1000 per month depending on location and size. Students can find accommodation near various neighborhoods like the city center, Old Town, and Lesser Quarter, many with proximity to university campuses. These apartments often include amenities like kitchenettes, private bathrooms, and shared spaces for studying, gaming, and socializing. While some options offer flexible contracts and no deposit requirements, it's important to investigate specific terms.

Delta's new direct flights from JFK to Prague make getting there easier, which is a major plus for students choosing to study in the Czech capital during the fall semester. The ease of the direct flight compared to travel with layovers adds another reason why Prague might be appealing to students. Combined with its affordable housing and convenient access via Delta Airlines, Prague is a compelling option for students seeking a fulfilling and economical study abroad experience. While some areas of the city are more expensive, with a bit of research, students should be able to find housing that works for their budget and is convenient to their university.

Prague is emerging as a student-friendly destination, not just due to its charming historical center, but also its surprisingly affordable housing options. Student accommodation in Prague can range from around $250 to $1000 per month, with the average apartment size falling between 22 and 150 square meters. However, a new coliving project called The FIZZ in the Holešovice district offers single, double, and twin apartments for roughly $350 per month, making it a potentially very attractive option for cost-conscious students. The FIZZ itself offers a range of amenities, from kitchenettes and bathrooms to study rooms, gaming areas, and even outdoor terraces. It's definitely a niche segment of the housing market, which is interesting to observe.

Another interesting option, the Riverside Student Apartments, offer modern rooms with flexible contracts and no required deposits. The Erasmus Play search engine can be helpful for comparing these and other student apartments, providing a centralized platform to find the best option for a student's specific needs. Online booking platforms allow for securing a reservation in advance, which can be a huge benefit for students planning their move ahead of time.

This all coincides with Delta Airlines' decision to expand their direct flight options from JFK to several European cities, including Prague. Delta currently offers flights to over 100 destinations internationally from JFK, and this latest expansion can make it easier for students to get to Prague. Delta's direct flight routes can reduce travel time and hassles, particularly when compared to more complex routes with layovers. This new service adds to the growing network of airlines competing for transatlantic routes from JFK. That competition can lead to lower fares, so students can leverage this dynamic and track the evolving fare situation to find deals that fit their budgets. While Delta offers a convenient and potentially competitive route, one should consider a range of airlines and budget carriers which often offer cheaper options for those willing to fly at less convenient times.

Prague's culinary scene is another aspect making the city appealing to students. Many restaurants offer affordable lunch specials for under $6, which can help offset the cost of living. The city's frequent cultural events and festivals, many of which are free to attend, add to the overall cultural experience and contribute to a well-rounded student life. Furthermore, Prague's public transportation system is both efficient and economical. Monthly student passes are available for about $21, making getting around the city easy and affordable. The increased number of international students in the city also leads to a richer environment for exchanging ideas and collaborating on projects, which could be an interesting side-effect of this particular trend.

7 Student-Friendly Cities in Europe with Fall Semester University Exchange Programs and Direct Flights from the US - Lisbon's Engineering Exchange Program at $2,500 with TAP Portugal Flights from Boston

Lisbon's Nova School of Business and Economics offers a compelling engineering exchange program for US students at a price point of $2,500, which is quite reasonable considering the experience. This program includes round-trip flights from Boston via TAP Portugal, making it easy for students from the East Coast to get there. TAP Portugal, with its expansion of direct routes to Lisbon, is a big player in the transatlantic flight market. Fares for their Boston-Lisbon routes often start at around $450, which is relatively competitive in the market, potentially reducing the overall cost of participation. The program, in addition to offering a strong academic experience, is focused on fostering cross-cultural understanding. While it's a great opportunity for students to grow in their field of study, it is worth noting that this specific emphasis on cultural experiences might not be for everybody. Some students might find it more rewarding to focus on academic pursuits. Scholarship opportunities could potentially lower travel costs further for those who qualify. However, if you're interested in taking part, it's crucial to be aware of the application deadlines, which usually fall between February 1 and April 27, as it can take some time to be considered for a spot.

Lisbon offers an intriguing opportunity for engineering students seeking a fall semester exchange program, particularly given its direct flight connections from Boston and the comparatively lower program cost. TAP Portugal operates these direct routes, reducing the travel time and hassle associated with layovers, making Lisbon more accessible for those seeking a study abroad experience. This program, which typically costs around $2,500 including flights, is a compelling option when compared to similar programs in other European capitals that often cost considerably more.

The city itself boasts a unique location, serving as a gateway between Europe and North Africa. This position makes it an ideal place to observe the exchange of engineering ideas across different cultures and economies. Furthermore, Lisbon's vibrant food scene, with its focus on fresh seafood and local delicacies, offers a hands-on learning opportunity for aspiring food engineers interested in topics such as fermentation and preservation methods.

Lisbon's universities, like the Instituto Superior Técnico, often partner with local industries, creating a fertile ground for students to work on real-world engineering projects. This collaborative environment helps foster innovation and provides students with valuable experience that strengthens their resumes. However, while English is prevalent, learning Portuguese can be a significant advantage for students looking to collaborate with local engineers or understand the particularities of local standards.

Lisbon's public transport system is another element worth considering. It is quite extensive, covering the city with trams, buses, and a metro network. The monthly student passes for the system are relatively cheap at about €42. This can be important for students living in areas that are not close to their university. The city's history also holds a lot of relevance for engineering students, since its iconic structures like the Belém Tower and the 25 de Abril Bridge demonstrate how engineering has been shaped by the city's geography and past. The design and construction of these structures can serve as a case study in itself.

Finally, the engineering programs at these universities, such as Instituto Superior Técnico, consistently rank high in global assessments, improving the potential for future networking and career development for exchange participants. The coinciding schedules of TAP Portugal flights and major engineering conferences in Lisbon create a window of opportunity to meet with professionals and researchers, which might lead to internships or collaborative research efforts. While the prospect of a lower-cost exchange program in Lisbon is tempting, it's important for potential participants to research the specific program requirements and faculty restrictions. This is especially true given that the university partnerships might be subject to change. Nonetheless, for those seeking a unique cultural immersion within a well-connected engineering hub, Lisbon deserves a closer look.

7 Student-Friendly Cities in Europe with Fall Semester University Exchange Programs and Direct Flights from the US - Copenhagen Business School Exchange with $500 Monthly Transit Pass and SAS Connections from Chicago

Copenhagen Business School (CBS) presents a compelling option for students interested in a European exchange experience, particularly for those from the Chicago area. The school's commitment to supporting exchange students is evident in its inclusion of a generous $500 monthly transit pass, making navigating the city much easier and reducing transportation costs considerably. The availability of SAS Airlines flights directly from Chicago also streamlines the travel experience. This combination allows students to integrate into Copenhagen's dynamic urban environment more seamlessly. Furthermore, CBS itself provides a good selection of academic courses and accommodation options, creating a diverse experience designed to encourage cultural exchange and personal development. If you want to learn more about European business and experience a lifestyle in a generally very well-regarded and attractive city, an exchange program at CBS might be an excellent choice. It's worth investigating if the stated benefits apply equally to all exchange students or if some conditions need to be met in order to qualify. Of course, the actual cost of attending an exchange program at CBS will vary depending on a number of factors, and students should always carefully review their respective university's exchange programs to fully understand their potential costs and obligations.

### Copenhagen Business School Exchange: A Look at the Details

Copenhagen Business School (CBS) offers exchange programs for students worldwide, including a semester-long option. CBS provides housing in a variety of locations across Copenhagen, ranging from smaller to larger dorms, offering some flexibility. Exchange students typically have a structured schedule, needing to attend orientation at the start of the semester and staying through finals. The courses available for exchange students are usually made public before the semester, so students can plan their class selections in advance and follow deadlines.

SAS Airlines provides a convenient connection for students coming from Chicago. Direct flights from Chicago take roughly 8 hours, making it feasible to arrive in Copenhagen in a timely manner. However, depending on the season, the flight availability can change. Flight prices tend to fluctuate based on demand, and it can be challenging to secure the best deals unless you remain flexible with your travel dates. Finding the best price can require some effort and planning. On average, a roundtrip from Chicago hovers around $600 to $1,200, which is not unreasonable for a transatlantic flight.


Copenhagen's excellent public transport network can be accessed via a €500 monthly pass. This pass provides unlimited travel on buses, metros, S-trains, and regional trains, enabling students to explore the city without significant travel expenses. While the transport system in Copenhagen is well-known for its high reliability, the on-time performance is around 95%, so there is always a small chance for minor delays.


Copenhagen is a city with a strong cycling culture. Over 390km of designated bike paths cut through the city, making it a highly efficient and pleasant way to navigate the city for many residents. While this might be appealing to some, whether this is an efficient alternative for students with limited time is an open question.


Students who choose CBS as an exchange location can immerse themselves in Copenhagen's creative and design-centric culture. A vast number of design schools and companies call Copenhagen home, presenting intriguing opportunities for students, particularly those with interests in engineering or business. Moreover, Copenhagen is a major transportation hub, which provides a significant opportunity for travel. Students can easily hop on flights or trains to explore nearby countries during their breaks.


Beyond the academic opportunities, Copenhagen has a vibrant food scene. There's a rising focus on local and seasonal ingredients, influencing the culinary offerings found in the city. Students with an interest in food engineering or sustainable food systems might find inspiration in this. However, the local fare might not appeal to all palates, and students might need to explore further afield.

Overall, while Copenhagen appears to be a good choice for many students, those contemplating an exchange program at CBS need to balance several factors. The costs of the program, flight, housing, and daily expenses can range considerably based on individual circumstances and choices. The benefits of the program, including the monthly transit pass, proximity to the airport, and opportunity to explore Scandinavian culture, need to be carefully weighed against these expenses. The student needs to consider carefully whether the benefits outweigh the costs.

7 Student-Friendly Cities in Europe with Fall Semester University Exchange Programs and Direct Flights from the US - Dublin Trinity College Programs at €3,000 per Term with Aer Lingus Routes from 7 US Airports

Trinity College in Dublin offers an appealing option for students looking to spend a semester abroad, with program costs set at €3,000 per term. As one of the world's oldest universities, Trinity College, ranked 134th globally, provides a unique academic environment where students can earn 30 ECTS credits per semester across a wide array of fields, all taught in English. The availability of Aer Lingus direct flights from seven US cities simplifies travel, potentially lowering the overall cost and effort of a European adventure for students coming from the US. The college itself is housed on a historic campus, offering a captivating blend of traditional and modern architecture. Students also have access to a rich and diverse student culture with close to 200 student organizations, including societies and sports teams, which provide plenty of options for involvement. It seems to be an attractive location for students wanting to immerse themselves in Irish culture and experience the vibrant social environment of Dublin while broadening their academic horizons. While the cost of a semester might seem manageable, it's worth keeping in mind that the cost of living in Dublin can vary, especially for students who are not used to living abroad. It remains to be seen whether the €3,000 per term price is really a bargain compared to other European universities or if it's simply the standard for exchange programs.

Trinity College Dublin, one of the world's oldest universities, established in 1592, provides study abroad or exchange program options at a rather affordable €3,000 per term. This price point can be quite attractive compared to some other European universities, where semester fees can be substantially higher. It seems that the focus on international student exchange programs is real and these programs are generally taught in English, meaning US students shouldn't struggle too much in the classroom. While some universities with a larger international student population might offer a larger selection of courses taught in English, Trinity College's offering is still a worthwhile alternative, if all other factors line up.

The university itself is located in Dublin, Ireland, which offers a number of advantages. Aer Lingus, the Irish flag carrier, maintains direct flights from seven US airports, including those in Boston, New York, and Chicago. This level of accessibility can be important for those who want to visit their families or attend to emergencies. However, it remains to be seen if the flight prices from Aer Lingus are in line with the competition. Students often have to consider airline options that offer the most competitive prices.

From an infrastructure perspective, Dublin is well-connected. It offers a reasonably well-functioning public transit network which includes both the Luas tram system and the Dublin Metro. Students can also make use of the Leap Card, a travel pass with potentially substantial discounts. The Luas and Metro connect most major parts of the city and help reduce commuting times, which is a huge advantage for students who have a demanding course schedule. The average flight time from New York to Dublin is roughly 7 hours, which is on par with other transatlantic routes. This means the travel disruption is relatively short, but one should always be prepared for potential delays.

Interestingly, the university itself boasts a blend of historic and contemporary architecture, reflecting its long history. It is part of the DNA of the university, but it's probably not a decisive factor for most students. The campus also features a wide range of student organizations, clubs, and sports teams that welcome students from abroad. This might be something that is truly impactful for the student experience.

Dublin is also a hub of the Irish tech sector, with major companies like Google and Facebook having a presence in the city. That can lead to internship opportunities or, at the very least, create a good networking environment for students who are considering career prospects in the tech industry. It's a major draw for many, though the actual benefits depend on the specific internship or job opportunity, which is never guaranteed. The Dublin culinary scene is gaining momentum, and students can benefit from a contemporary approach to food production, which might be a bonus for students interested in food sciences.

All in all, Trinity College Dublin provides an opportunity to study in a very historic environment at a relatively reasonable price point. Students get the benefit of a modern, well-functioning university that offers numerous extracurricular options. Dublin offers a range of attractions in a fairly compact space and should be seen as an option for students considering an exchange program. However, as always, careful research regarding the programs and specific requirements is important before submitting any applications. Students should always ensure the programs are aligned with their personal needs and goals.

7 Student-Friendly Cities in Europe with Fall Semester University Exchange Programs and Direct Flights from the US - Munich Technical University Exchange at €750 Monthly with Lufthansa's Daily US Connections

Munich's Technical University (TUM) offers a compelling exchange program for students at a monthly cost of €750, which is quite reasonable for a European university experience. This fee includes a €1,000 travel allowance, easing the financial burden for those seeking a semester abroad. The university is a recognized leader in research and education, particularly in engineering and natural sciences, making it a destination for students looking to further their skills and knowledge in these areas. Students can take advantage of a semester ticket that provides access to Munich's public transit system, encouraging exploration of the city's numerous cultural offerings. Daily connections to the US via Lufthansa create a convenient travel loop for students, streamlining the process of arriving and departing Munich. Though the exchange is a great opportunity for students interested in immersing themselves in Germany and exploring its culture, prospective participants should keep in mind that there are application deadlines and visa requirements to navigate, particularly for those planning to spend more than 360 days in Munich. While the exchange program is enticing, these administrative factors must be taken into consideration.

The Technical University of Munich (TUM), a prominent institution particularly in the engineering and natural sciences, offers exchange programs for students from around the world. These programs, often facilitated through initiatives like Erasmus and SEMP, can last up to two semesters. Notably, TUM charges a fixed monthly fee of €750 for its exchange programs. This fee also includes a travel allowance, which can be helpful for students who are coming from abroad.

TUM doesn't explicitly define tuition fees for these programs, and exchange students might be eligible for a semester ticket that provides unlimited use of Munich's public transport. This can be a significant benefit, especially considering Munich's well-developed U-Bahn (subway), tram and bus network. A monthly ticket for students is around €55.

The application procedure for exchange programs involves submitting an application through a Wiki-based form. TUM employs criteria based on socio-economic status and personal qualifications for selection. There are application deadlines in March for the winter term and October for the summer term, so students need to plan well in advance.

TUM's course catalog is quite comprehensive and includes 55 bachelor's and 72 master's programs taught in English. This means US students should find a program that suits their needs. Founded in 1868 as the Royal Bavarian Polytechnic of Munich, TUM now operates across three campuses – Munich, Garching, and Weihenstephan. International students who plan to spend up to 360 days at TUM may need to obtain a visa, although the university assists with this process through the German BAMF.

Furthermore, students can use online platforms like the EuroTeQ course catalog to access courses from other universities within the network. Munich is a vibrant city, with an attractive beer garden culture and traditional Bavarian cuisine. While a reputation for high cost of living exists, it is still possible to find affordable accommodation for under €400 per month. This makes it somewhat feasible to manage on the €750 monthly exchange budget. Munich's location, its status as a hub for engineering and technology, with companies like Siemens and BMW nearby, contributes to a very dynamic environment for exchange students. Students can find opportunities for networking and internships, if they proactively look for them.

It's also worth pointing out that Munich is very well connected through Lufthansa, with daily flights from several US cities like New York and Chicago. Flight time to Munich is around 8 to 9 hours, providing a reasonably efficient option for transatlantic travel. Students can take advantage of Munich's location near the Alps for some great winter sports opportunities, like skiing or snowboarding. Finally, it's good to note that, while the primary language is German, English is frequently spoken, especially in academic settings. Many cultural events offer significant discounts to students. This makes exploring Munich’s cultural landscape quite feasible.

Given the opportunity for a structured and relatively affordable exchange program at TUM, coupled with excellent air connections to the US, Munich is worthy of consideration for prospective engineering or science students. However, as with all study abroad programs, students should conduct comprehensive research and understand specific requirements and limitations for each university or faculty before committing.