Hope Valley’s Hot Springs Tourism Boom A Real-Life Guide to British Columbia’s Filming Locations from ‘When Calls the Heart’

Hope Valley's Hot Springs Tourism Boom A Real-Life Guide to British Columbia's Filming Locations from 'When Calls the Heart' - British Columbia's Radium Hot Springs Introduces New Winter Night Bathing Program

Radium Hot Springs in British Columbia has unveiled a new program for wintertime: night bathing. This initiative aims to elevate the visitor experience during the chillier months, offering a chance to soak in the renowned mineral-rich waters while gazing at the night sky. Access to these facilities, of course, requires a Parks Canada pass, either a day pass or an annual Discovery Pass. The resort itself features a hot soaking pool and a cooler swimming pool, all set within a vast, tranquil wilderness. For those who enjoy getting out and about, the Sinclair Creek Trail is transformed into a picturesque winter walk, complete with informational signage about the local ecosystem. The region is a haven for winter sports enthusiasts, with numerous ski areas within reasonable driving distance, which makes Radium Hot Springs ideal for individuals seeking a combination of serene relaxation and outdoor adventures amidst a stunning alpine landscape. It seems the area truly wants to encourage visitors during the off-season and perhaps offer a bit of a unique experience, but if you're seeking authentic wilderness, be sure to check out the surrounding trails and consider exploring options outside the resort itself.

Radium Hot Springs, nestled within Sinclair Canyon in Kootenay National Park, has recently launched a winter night bathing program, attempting to draw more visitors during the typically slower winter season. Access requires a park pass, either a day pass or the annual Parks Canada Discovery Pass. The springs are easily reached via Highways 93 and 95, a short 18 km drive east of the village of Radium Hot Springs. The facility itself offers two pools, a hotter soaking pool and a cooler swimming pool, both heated by naturally occurring geothermal activity.

The water temperature, consistently between 37°C and 42°C, is a result of deep underground hot water mixed with minerals which give it supposed health benefits. This is attractive to a particular niche, travelers focused on health & wellness. The water's mineral content, notably calcium, sulfate, and magnesium, are often cited for muscle relaxation and improved blood flow. However, I personally find it hard to see a direct link between those minerals and those claimed health benefits without further proof.

The surrounding area, covering over 100 acres of wilderness, provides for a multitude of activities, including RV camping and short-term house rentals. This wilderness also features the Sinclair Creek Trail, which transforms into a delightful winter walking path and showcases educational signage about local plants and animals. Given the location, the Radium Hot Springs area serves as a natural base camp for enthusiasts of winter sports, with a variety of ski resorts within easy reach for day trips.

Interestingly, the springs were known to and used by the Indigenous people well before the region was developed, who recognized the apparent health benefits. The area's blend of rustic alpine appeal with close proximity to towering mountain ranges makes it a strong draw for outdoor-loving tourists. The new night bathing program is designed to capitalize on the naturally dark night sky as the region has very low light pollution. It is meant to contrast the heat of the pools with the cold winter air, promoting relaxation and stress reduction.

While a creative program, only time will tell if this can increase tourism. It might be a niche for certain travellers, however it does seem like this trend of extending operational hours into the evening to cater to modern travelers is slowly growing across the country, not only related to hot springs. The pools are daily cleaned and refreshed, claiming to maintain high water quality and provide a fresh, mineral-rich experience. I personally am still not convinced on this claim as water analysis data would be needed to justify that. However, it does seem the nightly experience has been boosted by warming stations and the offer of local culinary options under the stars. That's not too common in other places and this particular innovation seems to attract attention. One aspect that might bring tourists to the area is the wildlife and diverse ecosystems found in Kootenay National Park, which, if planned accordingly, could be combined with a visit to the hot springs.

What else is in this post?

1. Hope Valley's Hot Springs Tourism Boom A Real-Life Guide to British Columbia's Filming Locations from 'When Calls the Heart' - British Columbia's Radium Hot Springs Introduces New Winter Night Bathing Program
2. Hope Valley's Hot Springs Tourism Boom A Real-Life Guide to British Columbia's Filming Locations from 'When Calls the Heart' - Where to Find Budget Accommodations Near MacInnes Farms Filming Site in Langley
3. Hope Valley's Hot Springs Tourism Boom A Real-Life Guide to British Columbia's Filming Locations from 'When Calls the Heart' - Travel Tips Mountain Railways From Vancouver to Kootenay National Park
4. Hope Valley's Hot Springs Tourism Boom A Real-Life Guide to British Columbia's Filming Locations from 'When Calls the Heart' - New Direct Flights Connect Vancouver International With Coal Valley Region
5. Hope Valley's Hot Springs Tourism Boom A Real-Life Guide to British Columbia's Filming Locations from 'When Calls the Heart' - Local Food Markets and Farm-to-Table Experiences Around Hope Valley
6. Hope Valley's Hot Springs Tourism Boom A Real-Life Guide to British Columbia's Filming Locations from 'When Calls the Heart' - Road Trip Guide Through British Columbia's Historic Mining Towns

Hope Valley's Hot Springs Tourism Boom A Real-Life Guide to British Columbia's Filming Locations from 'When Calls the Heart' - Where to Find Budget Accommodations Near MacInnes Farms Filming Site in Langley

If you're planning a trip to the MacInnes Farms filming location in Langley, you'll find a decent variety of budget-friendly accommodations within a short drive. Reports suggest there are more than 50 hotels in the area, offering different price points and levels of service. This makes it easy to find somewhere that fits your needs while exploring the farm and its "When Calls the Heart" connection. Reviews from previous guests generally paint a positive picture, mentioning the ease of access to the farm and the surrounding area. These hotels seem to offer the basics, and in many cases, provide some insights into the local community and surrounding attractions. So, whether your interest is in the farm's history as a film location or in experiencing a working farm firsthand, staying in the Langley area will be a good starting point for your adventure in this picturesque region of British Columbia.

Finding reasonably priced accommodations near the MacInnes Farms filming site in Langley can be a good starting point for exploring the area. While there are reportedly over 50 hotels in the vicinity, ranging in price and amenities, considering more budget-friendly options can enhance the trip without compromising the experience.

For example, the rise of platforms like Airbnb and vacation rentals has created a surge in affordable lodging options near filming locations, sometimes at nearly 60% less than conventional hotels. Exploring these options might prove a more economical route compared to staying in pricier, established hotels.

Besides accommodation, transport costs can add up quickly. While the area has a decent hotel infrastructure, relying on public transportation can be a sensible alternative. Langley's revamped public transport system, for instance, provides daily passes for under $5, allowing travelers to explore the filming locations without spending a fortune on taxis or ride-sharing.

Also, it's worth considering that the area is close to Vancouver, so travelers could potentially find deals on flights into that hub city, especially during the off-season. Some airlines have enticing promotions and discounts that can lead to flight costs 30% lower. Using airline miles or points for flights can also be a viable way to trim down expenses and may even enable free upgrades.

Moreover, engaging with local events can be a way to experience the community without breaking the bank. Langley frequently hosts seasonal events, including agricultural fairs and film screenings, providing insights into the history and significance of both the area and the filming locations. These experiences can significantly enhance the overall value of your visit without necessitating large additional expenses.

Another way to stretch your budget is by seeking out economical dining choices. Farmer's markets and local stands often showcase a variety of regional foods and products, representing the local culinary scene at far more reasonable prices compared to restaurants. This approach aligns with the emphasis on supporting local businesses and adds to the overall experience.


MacInnes Farms itself is a testament to the region's agricultural legacy, boasting history going back well over a century. This historic context adds an intriguing dimension to the location without requiring further costs. Several local firms are introducing reasonably priced tours that take you to 'When Calls the Heart' filming sites and other locations for as little as $30 per person. This is an opportunity to see multiple film spots for a minimal cost.


Finally, keep in mind that many attractions in Langley and the surrounding area, such as parks and museums, frequently offer discounted tickets online. Planning ahead and securing online tickets beforehand can provide savings of over 20%, allowing for a more budget-conscious travel experience.

By adopting a flexible approach to travel and accommodation, visitors can experience the filming locations, community events, and overall region around MacInnes Farms in a cost-effective and engaging way. It's clear that the area has been steadily adapting its tourism infrastructure to appeal to more budget-conscious travellers.

Hope Valley's Hot Springs Tourism Boom A Real-Life Guide to British Columbia's Filming Locations from 'When Calls the Heart' - Travel Tips Mountain Railways From Vancouver to Kootenay National Park

Journeying from Vancouver to Kootenay National Park via mountain railways presents a captivating experience, weaving together scenic landscapes, renowned natural hot springs, and the chance to witness rugged wildlife. The trip covers a distance of about 741 kilometers and can take roughly five and a half hours if you opt for a combination of flying and driving. Highway 93 serves as the main access route into the park, conveniently linking it to Banff National Park, making it an attractive option for those traversing the Kootenay Rockies.

Once within Kootenay National Park, the options for recreation abound. Visitors can relax and rejuvenate at hot springs, with Radium Hot Springs being a popular choice. There are also camping facilities available, like the Redstreak Campground, which provides an excellent base for exploring the surrounding wilderness.

Be prepared for a mix of adventure and the chance to witness the area's diverse wildlife. The Kootenay Rockies are known for hosting various species, including mountain goats and elk, which can often be seen from the roads. You can make the trip a blend of experiencing the wilderness and the serenity of the hot springs. However, keep in mind that the park can be challenging to access. Also, be aware that wildlife viewing is not guaranteed, but the chance is high in this untouched area of the Canadian Rockies.

Traveling from Vancouver to Kootenay National Park by mountain railway offers a unique perspective on the Canadian Rockies. The routes often traverse some of the steepest terrain in North America, with gradients reaching 4.5%, a testament to railway engineering ingenuity designed to navigate the challenging landscape. Beyond the hot springs, Kootenay National Park boasts a fascinating geological history, featuring limestone formations dating back over 500 million years, a draw for those interested in the Earth's processes.

The environmental impact of this mode of travel is worth noting, as trains generally emit significantly fewer greenhouse gases compared to cars and planes, reducing carbon dioxide emissions by about 45% and 75%, respectively. This makes mountain railways an interesting alternative in such a geographically complex region. The rail journeys frequently pass through captivating natural settings like the Columbia Valley, an area of glaciers over 2,000 years old. These scenic vistas are a reminder of the ongoing geological forces that have shaped the region.

The engineering achievements along these lines are compelling. Take the Spiral Tunnels on the Kicking Horse Pass, for instance, a remarkable feat to mitigate steep gradients and enable smooth train travel. The diverse ecosystems of the park attract a varied wildlife population, including elk, mountain goats, and bears, highlighting the influence of the changing altitude from forest to alpine tundra on biodiversity.

Further intrigue arises from the vintage steam engines still used in some sections. They represent a unique aspect of industrial heritage and can be more energy-efficient than modern diesel engines in certain situations, owing to their simple design. Even the hot springs themselves have unexpected connections to engineering and science; their sulfur and silica content, resulting from geothermal activity, could lead to interesting studies on material science and thermal efficiency.

Furthermore, some newer railcars incorporate energy-efficient elements like LED lighting and advanced insulation. These demonstrate a push toward environmentally responsible design while retaining the historical character of the trains. The entire railway route has been featured in films and documentaries, showcasing its visual appeal and reflecting over a century of railway development in the Rockies.

While the railway trip offers a convenient and environmentally conscious travel option, it remains crucial to carefully assess its advantages and limitations. The journey provides fascinating insights into natural beauty, engineering feats, and historical context, all intertwined with modern innovations that could further refine the experience. It remains to be seen how this interplay between tradition, nature, and modern engineering can contribute to a sustainable future for travel in this area.

Hope Valley's Hot Springs Tourism Boom A Real-Life Guide to British Columbia's Filming Locations from 'When Calls the Heart' - New Direct Flights Connect Vancouver International With Coal Valley Region

Vancouver International Airport (YVR) has introduced new, direct flights to the Coal Valley region, aiming to boost tourism, especially around Hope Valley's hot springs. This move is a direct response to the increasing popularity of the area, which has gained traction as a filming location for the popular show "When Calls the Heart." Vancouver International Airport is a major player in Canadian aviation, connecting to a vast network of destinations and airlines. These new direct flights should make travel significantly more convenient for visitors wanting to combine wellness experiences in the hot springs with exploring the area's connections to the television series. With this new flight option, accessing the beautiful landscapes and unique offerings of British Columbia is getting easier than ever before, catering to a growing demand for seamless travel to the Hope Valley area. While this undoubtedly benefits those wanting to easily reach Hope Valley, the long-term success will hinge on if this increased connectivity is sustainable in the long run. The question remains whether the area's infrastructure can withstand the increased volume of visitors and if these flights will truly be cost effective for travelers. Only time will tell.

The launch of direct flights connecting Vancouver International Airport (YVR) with the Coal Valley region is a development worth examining. It's clearly intended to capitalize on the tourism boom in the Hope Valley area, specifically the hot springs. Vancouver's YVR, Canada's second-largest airport, already boasts a significant network of 116 destinations served by 40 different airlines. On an average day, roughly 262 scheduled passenger flights depart from YVR.

While the airport sees a high volume of flights, this new route to Coal Valley might have an impact on the local tourism economy. Will it lead to a noticeable increase in tourists? The data suggests a potential for a boost in tourist numbers, but how substantial it is remains to be seen. Airlines often employ incentives like extra loyalty points or discounts when starting a new route. However, travelers should be aware of potential variations in pricing based on seasonality and the duration of advance booking.

Another point of interest is how the airlines will promote these new connections. Will they team up with the local tourism boards to create round-trip deals? This sort of collaboration could be beneficial for both parties, potentially bringing in more tourism dollars to the area. The initial flight frequency could be adjusted based on passenger demand, with the possibility of daily flights being implemented within six months of the launch.

From a traveler's perspective, a shorter travel time is certainly appealing. It eliminates the hassle of layovers, which could shave 2-3 hours off a trip, allowing for more time exploring the region. Coal Valley's hot springs are the obvious draw, but the area offers other attractions, too. Hiking and skiing opportunities abound, along with a growing culinary scene focusing on local food.

It's possible this increased accessibility will lead to a rise in organized tours that combine hot springs with nearby film locations related to the 'When Calls the Heart' series. The hot springs are a key draw, but it will be interesting to see if the region offers distinct hot spring experiences compared to others, like the Radium Hot Springs. Perhaps they have unique mineral compositions or thermal properties that set them apart. This could potentially attract a more specialized subset of travelers with specific interests.

While the benefits of this new air service are apparent, only time will tell if it leads to a sustained increase in tourist numbers and whether the economic projections materialize. However, it's clear that the effort is aimed at extending tourism seasonality and possibly even driving growth for local businesses throughout the year. The future success hinges on whether this improved access translates into higher visitor numbers.

Hope Valley's Hot Springs Tourism Boom A Real-Life Guide to British Columbia's Filming Locations from 'When Calls the Heart' - Local Food Markets and Farm-to-Table Experiences Around Hope Valley

Hope Valley's growing appeal extends beyond its hot springs, encompassing a vibrant culinary scene rooted in local farms and markets. The area's charm and rural landscape are increasingly attracting food enthusiasts, eager to explore its agricultural heritage and taste the bounty of the region.

Festival Farm, a local gem, provides a fantastic example of this. It features a market showcasing seasonal items, from spring plants to autumn pumpkins and cider. These events often blend with family-friendly activities, like petting zoos, creating an enjoyable experience for all ages that goes beyond the simple purchase of produce.

Mount Hope Farm takes this concept further by hosting farm-to-table dinners. These events are curated to highlight the region's agricultural prowess, showcasing multi-course meals crafted with fresh, locally grown produce. It's a unique way to celebrate Rhode Island's culinary heritage and offers a truly immersive farm-to-fork experience.

However, these events are just a glimpse into the broader culinary scene. Local farmers markets in nearby towns like Newport offer ongoing opportunities to discover local foods and artisan crafts. The Long Wharf Farmers Market and Aquidneck Growers' Markets provide a consistent source of fresh, locally sourced ingredients, enhancing the culinary journey for residents and visitors alike.

The connection between the area's popularity as a hot springs destination and its burgeoning food scene is undeniable. As the popularity of Hope Valley’s unique setting rises, so does the demand for a deeper experience of the region, one that includes the local flavors. This synergy could transform Hope Valley into a true culinary destination, attracting tourists who seek authentic farm-fresh ingredients and local experiences as much as they do relaxation in the hot springs.

Exploring the culinary scene around Hope Valley reveals a fascinating interplay between local food markets and farm-to-table dining, influenced by the area's recent tourism surge.

Firstly, the soil composition in this region is notable. The volcanic origins of the Hope Valley area have resulted in exceptionally fertile land. This unique mineral profile found in the soil enhances the taste and flavor of local produce, making it a key ingredient in the area's farm-to-table ethos. It's not uncommon to see a noticeable difference in produce grown in this area compared to others.

Secondly, a surprising array of seasonal produce graces local markets in the Hope Valley area during peak season. The Kootenay region's diverse microclimates contribute to this phenomenon. As many as thirty different varieties of vegetables and fruits can be available, a boon for chefs who utilize these unique ingredients in farm-to-table dining experiences. It's noteworthy how many restaurants in the area pride themselves on using regional ingredients. The sheer variety is somewhat unexpected for such a remote region.

Thirdly, some of the area's farms focus on growing heritage varieties of produce, including vegetables and grains. These varieties often display more robust nutrient profiles compared to commercially grown hybrids. There's a growing demand for these varieties among chefs looking for new and interesting culinary experiences, which is boosting the region's appeal for food enthusiasts. It will be interesting to see if there's a longer-term shift towards heritage varietals in the future. Is this trend temporary or will it lead to a sustained demand for heirloom produce?

Interestingly, dining in local eateries in the Hope Valley area frequently involves direct interaction with the farms. Menus often include details on the specific farms providing certain ingredients. This strong sense of community connection fostered between restaurants and local farms is quite unusual, especially compared to metropolitan areas where these kinds of connections are frequently lost. This trend is likely partly driven by the recent tourism boom and the desire of travelers to better understand the origin of their food.

Research suggests that produce grown within a 100-mile radius holds a higher concentration of nutrients because of the minimal time lapse between harvest and consumption. It's likely that produce purchased at local Hope Valley markets adheres to this principle, presenting increased health benefits for those following local diets. This notion of proximity is becoming more and more important in many parts of the world. It's fascinating how the proximity of production to consumption can impact a product's nutritional value.

Besides fresh produce, many local markets offer a range of artisan-produced goods. From different types of cheeses to cured meats, local artisans are showcasing their skills alongside the farm-to-table movement, giving tourists an authentic feel for the regional culinary heritage. The extent to which local businesses play a role in the tourism economy is rather substantial in this region. This also offers an opportunity for travelers to support local artisans, providing them with a unique souvenir from the trip.

Many of these markets organize workshops where tourists can learn how to prepare meals utilizing seasonal produce. These hands-on experiences not only refine cooking abilities but also equip visitors with a deeper comprehension of the local food culture and agricultural methods. This is a great way to get a better understanding of the regional culinary traditions. However, how accessible are these workshops for a wide variety of people remains questionable.

Several farms have started offering CSA programs, allowing tourists to buy shares of seasonal produce in advance. This model builds a strong relationship between the land and its produce and encourages a more sustainable approach to food consumption. The uptake of these programs will be interesting to monitor in the future. Will this trend expand or will it remain a niche practice?

Some of the markets host annual cooking competitions, motivating chefs to develop dishes featuring local ingredients. These gatherings are not only a platform for the area's culinary talent but also a unique chance for the community and visitors to interact within the local food scene. There is a clear desire to increase the visibility of the local culinary scene, but it will be interesting to see if this can attract chefs with national and international recognition.

Finally, Hope Valley's farm-to-table experiences are becoming increasingly diverse owing to the tourism surge. The cultural melting pot that exists in the area has led to some unique dishes that incorporate international flavors and locally produced ingredients. This adds a fascinating layer to the farm-to-table scene. It will be interesting to see how the tourism boom changes the overall culinary scene. This mix of international influence and local traditions can result in unexpected gastronomic experiences.


Overall, the local food scene around Hope Valley showcases a distinct approach to agriculture and tourism, offering visitors a unique culinary landscape that is both appealing and informative. It's a reflection of the growing desire for farm-to-table food experiences in many parts of the world.

Hope Valley's Hot Springs Tourism Boom A Real-Life Guide to British Columbia's Filming Locations from 'When Calls the Heart' - Road Trip Guide Through British Columbia's Historic Mining Towns

A road trip through British Columbia's historic mining towns provides a captivating journey into the province's past and stunning landscapes. Getting to the heart of this area, like Hope Valley, is fairly easy from Vancouver, with a drive of under two hours on well-maintained highways. Along the way, you can consider pleasant detours, stopping in charming towns like Chilliwack and Harrison Hot Springs, making the trip even more enjoyable.

Highway 3, often referred to as the Crowsnest Highway, runs through the Similkameen Valley and is a great way to explore the region. It features a diverse range of experiences, from charming wineries and scenic railway trails to remnants of a bygone era. This area, once at the center of a significant mining boom, has earned the evocative nickname "Valley of the Ghosts," referring to the many abandoned mining towns scattered across the landscape. One of the key historical highlights is Sandon, which thrived during a period of silver and lead mining.

While driving through this region, it is easy to see how the roads and highways follow the paths of early settlers. It allows travelers to step back in time and visualize how the region was shaped by early prospectors and miners, seamlessly connecting a journey through the outdoors with exploration of historical details. It's an intriguing experience where stunning natural vistas blend with whispers of a history that remains tangible.

Exploring British Columbia's historical mining towns offers a fascinating journey through the province's geological past and the impact of resource extraction on its development. Many of these communities were established during significant mining booms, driven by the allure of gold and other precious minerals. The Southern Selkirk Mountains, for instance, were at the heart of a substantial mining frenzy, resulting in numerous abandoned settlements that earned the area the nickname "Valley of the Ghosts." The town of Sandon, known for its silver-lead deposits, exemplifies the region's mining success and the rapid population surges that often accompanied these booms.


These towns frequently emerged in areas with distinctive geological features. The presence of valuable mineral deposits is often linked to specific geological formations, like those created by volcanic activity and ancient sedimentary processes. Examining these formations offers valuable insights into the Earth's history and the forces that have shaped British Columbia's landscape over millions of years.


The sudden influx of people seeking their fortune led to significant infrastructural development. Towns expanded quickly, often seeing their populations triple or quadruple within months. This rapid growth spurred intense building activity and a massive demand for resources and supplies. While some of these towns thrived, others experienced a rapid decline once the resource veins depleted, leaving behind a landscape of abandoned infrastructure like mines and railways. The study of these structures, many showing visible signs of decay and rust, sheds light on the economics of boom-and-bust cycles and the challenges associated with preserving such relics.


Furthermore, the region's rich mineral deposits, including those that lead to the popularity of hot springs, have drawn scientific attention. Some springs, like Radium Hot Springs, contain a unique blend of sulfur and magnesium, among other elements, which are believed to offer potential health benefits. Analyzing these mineral compositions could potentially provide further evidence about the connection between the geology of the area and health trends.


Historically, the architecture of these towns often reveals the cultural tapestry of its inhabitants. Many towns, like Barkerville, are marked by Victorian-era structures, a reflection of the diverse immigrant populations that flocked to the region. These architectural styles provide a fascinating window into the cultural exchange that occurred during these eras.


The environment around these historical mining communities remains significant wildlife habitat. Areas like Kootenay National Park, located close to several historical mining towns, are home to a rich biodiversity, including mountain goats, bears, and elk. These ecosystems represent a balance between human development and the natural world.


In recent times, several of these historic mining towns have pivoted from resource extraction to tourism. The unique stories of these settlements, their abandoned infrastructure, and the surrounding natural beauty are key attractions for tourists. This shift in the local economy raises complex questions. Can tourism provide a consistently viable economic model for these towns? What measures are needed to ensure its long-term sustainability?


The connection between past mining and modern culinary scenes is also worth noting. The land surrounding these towns often boasts fertile soil and diverse microclimates, leading to the recent rise of farm-to-table dining experiences. Many farms in these regions cultivate a variety of local crops, a practice that connects the region's historical roots in resource extraction with its modern agricultural identity.


The infrastructure that was once used for transporting minerals is now often leveraged for tourism. Repurposed railways have become scenic train lines, highlighting the adaptability of old infrastructure. This trend showcases how older resources, if well-maintained and repurposed, can continue to contribute to the region’s economy.


Finally, the remains of many historical mining communities serve as fascinating archaeological sites. Excavations and research provide invaluable information about settlement patterns, historical economic practices, and the social dynamics that shaped these communities. These towns offer a unique opportunity to study the rise and decline of historical human settlements.


In conclusion, studying British Columbia's historic mining towns provides a comprehensive look at the intertwined aspects of geology, economics, culture, and the environment. As these towns continue to adapt and evolve, understanding their history offers crucial insights into the region’s past, present, and future.